Phytosociology, successional level, and conservation of the woody component in a "restinga" of Maranhão island, Brazil / Fitosociología, nivel sucesional y conservación del componente leñoso de una "restinga" en isla Maranhão, Brasil

Abstract Introduction: The "restingas" (coast vegetation) can serve as a species corridor in ecotonal environments due to the particulars regarding the composition of the flora. The studies covering the entire length of the Maranhão state coast are necessary to understand the diversity and distribution of plant species present in the "restingas". Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the structure and conservation of the woody vegetation of a "restinga" in Maranhão. Methods: Phytosociological sampling of woody vegetation was carried out using the quadrants method, followed by classification of species by successional group; in addition to analyzing the diametric and hypsometric data of the populations whose species presented the highest importance value (IV). Results: In total, 24 species and 16 families were identified, 72 % of which were classified in the initial stages of succession. The values of H' and J' were 2.637 nat.ind-1and 0.830, respectively. The mean height and diameter were 2.1 m and 27.66 cm, respectively. The species Coccoloba ramosissima Wedd., Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, Anacardium occidentale L., Manilkara triflora (Allemão) Monach, and Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. presented the highest IVs. Conclusions: It was observed that characteristics such as size, power of regrowth, and ease of regeneration processes could be useful for choosing target species for recovery actions in coastal areas.

Resumen Introducción: Las "restingas" pueden servir como corredor de especies en ambientes ecotonales debido a los aspectos de la composición de la flora. Los estudios a lo largo de la costa del estado de Maranhão son necesarios para comprender la diversidad y distribución de las especies de plantas presentes en las "restingas". Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la estructura y conservación de la vegetación leñosa de una "restinga" en Maranhão. Métodos: Se realizó un muestreo fitosociológico de la vegetación leñosa utilizando cuadrantes, seguido de la clasificación de especies por grupo sucesional; además de analizar los datos diamétricos e hipsométricos de las poblaciones cuyas especies presentaron el de mayor valor importancia (VI). Resultados: En total, se identificaron 24 especies y 16 familias, 72 % de los cuales fueron clasificados en las etapas iniciales de sucesión. Los valores de H' y J' fueron 2.637 nat.ind-1 y 0.830, respectivamente. La altura y el diámetro medios fueron de 2.1 my 27.66 cm, respectivamente. Las especies Coccoloba ramosissima Wedd., Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, Anacardium occidentale L., Manilkara triflora (Allemão) Monach, y Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. presentaron los valores de mayor importancia (VI). Conclusiones: se observó que características como el tamaño, capacidad de rebrote y la facilidad de los procesos de regeneración podrían ser útiles para elegir las especies objetivo para las acciones de recuperación en las zonas costeras.

Larval fish assemblages in nearshore waters of southeast Gulf of California: vertical and temporal patterns

The influence of salinity and temperature on larval fish assemblages, as well as, temporal and vertical patterns on larval fish assemblages off the inlet of the Presidio River, southeast coast of the Gulf of California were evaluated. Samplings for ichthyoplankton and environmental parameter measurements were carried out at three depths, in five sampling sites, during September and December 1994, and April and June 1995. Anchovies and herrings (Clupeiformes) were the most abundant larval fish accounting for 77% of the total abundance. A significant relationship between salinity and the abundance of larval herrings (Opisthonema medirastre and O. dovii) and between the water temperature and the abundance of the weakfish (Cynoscion reticulatus) was found. Anchovies (Anchoa lucida, A. walkeri, and A. nasus) were present in all sampled months, while O. medirastre and O. dovii occurred in December and June, and C. reticulatus in September. Larvae of pelagic fish were more abundant near the surface, while larvae of demersal fish were more abundant near the bottom. The present study, by emphasising the importance of considering temporal and vertical changes in larval fish assemblages in coastal environments with ecological and economic importance, will be useful for designing more efficient sampling programs.(AU)

Se evaluó la influencia de la salinidad y la temperatura, así como patrones temporales y verticales en la comunidad de larvas de peces enfrente del río Presidio, costa sudeste del Golfo de California. Los muestreos de ictioplancton y las mediciones de los parámetros ambientales fueron realizados a tres profundidades, en cinco sitios de muestreo, durante septiembre y diciembre de 1994, y abril y junio de 1995. Las anchoas y sardinas (Clupeiformes) fueron las larvas de peces más abundantes representando el 77% de la abundancia total. Se encontró una relación significativa entre la salinidad y la abundancia de larvas de sardinas (Opisthonema medirastre and O. dovii), y entre la temperatura del agua y la abundancia de la corvina rayada (Cynoscion reticulatus). Las anchoas (Anchoa lucida, A. walkeri y A. nasus) estuvieron presentes en todos los meses muestreados, mientras que O. medirastre y O. dovii ocurrieron en diciembre y junio, y C. reticulatus en septiembre. Las larvas de peces pelágicos fueron más abundantes cerca de la superficie, mientras que las larvas de peces demersales fueron más abundantes cerca del fondo. El presente estudio, al enfatizar la importancia de considerar los cambios temporales y verticales en el ensamblaje de larvas de peces en ambientes costeros con importancia ecológica y económica, será útil para diseñar programas de muestreo más eficientes.(AU)

Vertical and time distribution of Pseudoscorpiones (Arthropoda: Arachnida) in a floodplain forest in the Brazilian Pantanal / Distribución vertical y temporal de Pseudoscorpiones (Arthropoda: Arachnida) en un bosque inundable del Pantanal brasileño

AbstractPseudoscorpions embrace a diverse group of arachnids with approximately 3 500 species that occur in various habitats, such as soil, leaf litter, caves and canopies. This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between the pseudoscorpion assemblages in soil, termite nests, tree trunks and canopies, as well as the temporal distribution as to the abundance and richness of species in these habitats. For this purpose different sampling techniques were applied in an integrated manner in distinct habitats of a seasonally flooded monodominant forest in the Northern Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data regarding the abundance and richness of assemblage species were organized by means of the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). A total of 2 068 Pseudoscorpiones distributed in seven families and 18 species were captured. Chernetidae (8 spp.) and Withiidae (5 spp.) predominated, while Atemnidae, Cheiridiidae, Geogarypidae, Lechytiidae and Olpiidae were present with only one species each. Terrestrial fauna was more abundant (1 035 ind.; 50.0 % of the total catch) with three families and 10 species. In the arboreal fauna (712 ind.; 34.4 %), four families and 13 species were found. Termite mounds (321 ind.; 15.6 %) corresponded to the habitat with the least number of individuals, however, five families and nine species were identified, including Parachernes sp. 2, Geogarypus sp. and Olpiolum sp., not found in other analyzed habitats in this forest. The analyses did not show any temporal variation as to abundance or richness of Pseudoscorpiones in each evaluated habitat; however, the analysis showed that the edaphic environment (soil + termite nests), tree trunks and tree canopies are distinct habitats in relation to the composition of the assemblage. The occurrence of typical terricolous (e.g. Parawithius sp., Withiidae gen. sp. and Parachernes sp.) and other arboricolous (e.g. Cheiridium sp., Americhernes sp. and Lustrochernes sp.) species highlights the vertical stratification of the assemblage present in this floodplain forest in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso.

ResumenLos Pseudoescorpiones comprenden un diversificado grupo de arácnidos con aproximadamente 3 500 especies que se han encontrado en varios hábitats como suelo, hojarasca, cuevas y copas de árboles. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la relación entre la comunidad de Pseudoscorpiones presentes en el suelo, nidos de termitas (termiteros), troncos y copas de árboles, así como también la distribución temporal de la abundancia y riqueza de especies en estos hábitats. Para esto, se usaron diferentes técnicas de muestreo en hábitats de un Bosque Monodominante Estacionalmente Inundado en la región norte del Pantanal, Estado Mato Grosso, Brasil. Datos referentes a abundancia y riqueza de especies del ensamble fueron ordenados por Escalamiento Multidimensional No Métrico (NMDS). Fueron capturados 2 068 Pseudoscorpiones distribuidos en siete familias y 18 especies. Chernetidae (8 spp.) y Withiidae (5 spp.) predominaron. Mientras Atemnidae, Cheiridiidae, Geogarypidae, Lechytiidae y Olpiidae fueron registradas con una especie en cada una. La fauna terrícola fue más abundante (1 035 ind.; 50.0 % de la captura total), con tres familias y 10 especies. Para la fauna arborícola (712 ind.; 34.4 %), cuatro familias y 13 especies fueron registradas. Los termiteros (321 ind.; 15.6 %) representaron el hábitat con menor número de individuos; sin embargo, fueron identificadas cinco familias y nueve especies, incluyendo Parachernes sp. 2, Geogarypus sp. y Olpiolum sp., que no se encuentra en otros hábitats analizados en este bosque. Los análisis estadísticos no evidenciaron variación temporal en la distribución de abundancia y riqueza de Pseudoscorpiones en cada hábitat evaluado; no obstante, demostraron que el ambiente edáfico (suelo y termiteros), troncos y copas de árboles son distintos en relación a la composición de la comunidad. La presencia de especies típicamente terrícolas (e.g. Parawithius sp., Withiidae gen. sp. y Parachernes sp.) y otras arborícolas (e.g. Cheiridium sp., Americhernes sp. y Lustrochernes sp.) evidencian una estratificación vertical de la comunidad de Pseudoscorpiones presente en Bosques Inundables del Pantanal brasileño.

Vascular epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest in the Sinos River basin, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: richness, floristic composition and community structure / Epífitos vasculares em Floresta Atlântica da bacia do Rio dos Sinos, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: riqueza, composição florística e estrutura comunitária

The Atlantic Forest, which has a vast epiphytic richness, is a priority area for preservation, listed as one of the five most important world hotspots. Vascular epiphyte richness, composition and community structure were studied in two fragments, one of the ombrophilous (29º43'42"S and 50º22'00"W) and the other of the seasonal (29º40'54"S and 51º06'56"W) forest, both belonging to the Atlantic Forest biome in the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In each fragment, 40 trees, divided into four ecological zones, were analyzed. In each zone, the occurrence of the species was recorded, and the importance value of each species was calculated according to the frequency of phorophytes and intervals, and cover scores. The Shannon index was calculated for the two communities. In the fragment of the ombrophilous forest (F1), 30 epiphytic species were recorded, and in the seasonal forest (F2), 25. The highest importance value was found for Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota in both fragments. The diversity indexes for F1 (H'=2.72) and F2 (H'=2.55) were similar and reflected the subtropical location of the areas. The decrease in mean richness in both fragments in zone 3 (internal crown) to zone 4 (external crown) may be associated with time and space availability for epiphyte occupation and microclimate variations. Exclusive species were found in the areas, which suggest that a greater number of preserved fragments may result in a greater number of preserved epiphytic species in the Sinos River basin.

A Floresta Atlântica apresenta uma grande riqueza de epífitos e é considerada uma área prioritária para preservação listada entre os cinco mais importantes hotspots mundiais. A riqueza, a composição e a estrutura comunitária de epífitos vasculares foram estudadas em um fragmento de floresta ombrófila (29º43'42"S e 50º22'00"O) e outro de floresta estacional (29º40'54"S e 51º06'56"O), ambos pertencentes ao Bioma Floresta Atlântica, na bacia do Rio dos Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em cada fragmento foram analisadas 40 árvores divididas em quatro zonas ecológicas. Em cada zona, foi registrada a ocorrência das espécies e o valor de importância de cada uma delas foi calculado a partir da frequência nos forófitos e nos intervalos e das notas de cobertura. O índice de Shannon foi aplicado para as duas comunidades. No fragmento de floresta ombrófila (F1) foram registradas 30 e no de floresta estacional (F2) 25 espécies epifíticas. O maior valor de importância foi observado para Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota, em ambos os fragmentos. Os índices de diversidade para o F1 (H'=2,72) e o F2 (H'=2,55) foram próximos e refletem a posição geográfica mais subtropical das áreas. A diminuição na riqueza média em ambos os fragmentos da zona 3 (copa interna) para a zona 4 (copa externa) pode estar relacionada com a disponibilidade de tempo e de espaço para a ocupação de epífitos e com variações microclimáticas. Considerando que as áreas apresentaram espécies exclusivas, ficou evidenciado que um maior número de fragmentos conservados conduzirá à manutenção de um maior número de espécies epifíticas na bacia do Rio dos Sinos.

Vascular epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest in the Sinos River basin, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: richness, floristic composition and community structure

p>The Atlantic Forest, which has a vast epiphytic richness, is a priority area for preservation, listed as one of the five most important world hotspots. Vascular epiphyte richness, composition and community structure were studied in two fragments, one of the ombrophilous (29º43'42"S and 50º22'00"W) and the other of the seasonal (29º40'54"S and 51º06'56"W) forest, both belonging to the Atlantic Forest biome in the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In each fragment, 40 trees, divided into four ecological zones, were analyzed. In each zone, the occurrence of the species was recorded, and the importance value of each species was calculated according to the frequency of phorophytes and intervals, and cover scores. The Shannon index was calculated for the two communities. In the fragment of the ombrophilous forest (F1), 30 epiphytic species were recorded, and in the seasonal forest (F2), 25. The highest importance value was found for italic>Microgramma squamulosa /italic> (Kaulf.) de la Sota in both fragments. The diversity indexes for F1 (H'=2.72) and F2 (H'=2.55) were similar and reflected the subtropical location of the areas. The decrease in mean richness in both fragments in zone 3 (internal crown) to zone 4 (external crown) may be associated with time and space availability for epiphyte occupation and microclimate variations. Exclusive species were found in the areas, which suggest that a greater number of preserved fragments may result in a greater number of preserved epiphytic species in the Sinos River basin. /p>

p>A Floresta Atlântica apresenta uma grande riqueza de epífitos e é considerada uma área prioritária para preservação listada entre os cinco mais importantes italic>hotspots /italic> mundiais. A riqueza, a composição e a estrutura comunitária de epífitos vasculares foram estudadas em um fragmento de floresta ombrófila (29º43'42"S e 50º22'00"O) e outro de floresta estacional (29º40'54"S e 51º06'56"O), ambos pertencentes ao Bioma Floresta Atlântica, na bacia do Rio dos Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em cada fragmento foram analisadas 40 árvores divididas em quatro zonas ecológicas. Em cada zona, foi registrada a ocorrência das espécies e o valor de importância de cada uma delas foi calculado a partir da frequência nos forófitos e nos intervalos e das notas de cobertura. O índice de Shannon foi aplicado para as duas comunidades. No fragmento de floresta ombrófila (F1) foram registradas 30 e no de floresta estacional (F2) 25 espécies epifíticas. O maior valor de importância foi observado para italic>Microgramma squamulosa /italic> (Kaulf.) de la Sota, em ambos os fragmentos. Os índices de diversidade para o F1 (H'=2,72) e o F2 (H'=2,55) foram próximos e refletem a posição geográfica mais subtropical das áreas. A diminuição na riqueza média em ambos os fragmentos da zona 3 (copa interna) para a zona 4 (copa externa) pode estar relacionada com a disponibilidade de tempo e de espaço para a ocupação de epífitos e com variações microclimáticas. Considerando que as áreas apresentaram espécies exclusivas, ficou evidenciado que um maior número de fragmentos conservados conduzirá à manutenção de um maior número de espécies epifíticas na bacia do Rio dos Sinos. /p>

The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants

The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants. The occurrence and spatio-temporal distribution of brown lacewing species (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) in Bursa province, northwestern Turkey, was investigated during 1999-2011. A total of 852 brown lacewing specimens of 20 species, including the genera of Hemerobius, Megalomus, Micromus, Sympherobius, and Wesmaelius were collected. Of these, 12 species were new records for northwestern Turkey while Sympherobius klapaleki is a new record for the Neuroptera fauna of Turkey. The most widespread species were Hemerobius handschini and Sympherobius pygmaeus with percent dominance values of 42.00 and 15.96%, respectively. Wesmaelius subnebulosus was the earliest emerging hemerobiid species and had the longest flight activity lasting from March to October. The species of southern origin characterized by the Mediterranean elements constituted 55% of the hemerobiid fauna and prevailed over the species of northern origin that belong to the Siberian centres. The total number of hemerobiid species reached a peak in July with captures of 15 species per month. There were 11, 13, 18 and 5 hemerobiid species occurring at altitudes between 1-500, 501-1000, 1001-1500 and 1500-2000 m, respectively. In addition, plant species harbouring hemerobiids are given for each species, and their association with the hemerobiid fauna is discussed.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in saline soils: vertical distribution at different soil depth

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonize land plants in every ecosystem, even extreme conditions such as saline soils. In the present work we report for the first time the mycorrhizal status and the vertical fungal distribution of AMF spores present in the rhizospheric soil samples of four species of Chenopodiaceae (Allenrolfea patagonica, Atriplex argentina, Heterostachys ritteriana and Suaeda divaricata) at five different depths in two saline of central Argentina. Roots showed medium, low or no colonization (0-50%). Nineteen morphologically distinctive AMF species were recovered. The number of AMF spores ranged between 3 and 1162 per 100 g dry soil, and AMF spore number decreased as depth increased at both sites. The highest spore number was recorded in the upper soil depth (0-10 cm) and in S. divaricata. Depending of the host plant, some AMF species sporulated mainly in the deep soil layers (Glomus magnicaule in Allenrolfea patagonica, Septoglomus aff. constrictum in Atriplex argentina), others mainly in the top layers (G. brohultti in Atriplex argentina and Septoglomus aff. constrictum in Allenrolfea patagonica). Although the low percentages of colonization or lack of it, our results show a moderate diversity of AMF associated to the species of Chenopodiaceae investigated in this study. The taxonomical diversity reveals that AMF are adapted to extreme environmental conditions from saline soils of central Argentina.

Lack of correlation between vertical distribution and carrier frequency, and preference for open spaces in arboreal katydids that use extreme ultrasound, in Gorgona, Colombia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) / Falta de correlación entre distribución vertical y frecuencia portadora, y preferencia por espacios abiertos en saltamontes arbóreos que utilizan ultrasonido extremo, en Gorgona, Colombia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Male Tettigoniidae emit sound to attract conspecific females. The sound is produced by stridulation. During stridulation the forewings open and close, but it is during the closing stroke that the scraper contacts the file teeth to generate the predominant sound components, which are amplified by adjacent wing cells specialized in sound radiation. The sounds usually exceed the sonic boundary and might occur above 40 kHz, reaching extreme ultrasonic frequencies of 150kHz in some species. Here we test the hypothesis that Tettigoniidae species should prefer microhabitats that favour efficient signal transmission, i.e. that there is a relationship of sound frequency with the vertical distribution of the species (from ground to canopy) at Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombia. We sampled 16 trees and four different altitudinal levels between 1 and 20m above the understory vegetation. We placed collecting blankets separated by vertical distances of 5m, and knocked insects down using the technique known as fogging. We found no correlation between vertical distribution and carrier frequency, but there was a preference for open spaces (below the canopy and above the understory) in species using extreme ultrasound. This is the first quantitative description of the vertical distribution in neotropical species of the family Tettigoniidae and its relationship to the calling song frequency. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 289-296. Epub 2014 February 01.

Los machos de Tettigoniidae producen sonido frotando las alas anteriores para atraer a sus hembras coespecíficas con fines reproductivos (mecanismo conocido como estridulación). Un borde esclerotizado (o raspador) en el ala derecha es frotado sobre una vena modificada con dientecillos en el ala izquierda. Durante la estridulación las alas abren y cierran, pero es durante el cierre que el raspador contacta los dientecillos de la lima y produce vibraciones que son amplificadas por celdas adyacentes especializadas para radiar sonido. Sonidos que superen los 20 000Hz, se consideran ultrasónicos, en los Tettigoniidae, la mayoría de los cantos superan el umbral sónico y pueden ocurrir a más de 40 000Hz, con casos extremos de hasta 148 000Hz. La esencia de este trabajo es el estudio de esta gama espectacular de frecuencias de la familia Tettigoniidae y su relación con la distribución vertical de los individuos en las especies que habitan en Gorgona. Se muestrearon 16 árboles a cuatro niveles diferentes de altitud entre 1 y ~20m sobre el sotobosque, instalando sabanas colectoras a intervalos de 4-5m. Los insectos se colectaron mediante el método de nebulización térmica. El análisis indica que no hay correlación entre la distribución vertical de las especies y la frecuencia del canto. Sin embargo se observó una preferencia por espacios abiertos en especies que cantan a frecuencias extremas. Este estudio representa la primera descripción cuantitativa de la distribución vertical de Tettigoniidae Neotropicales y su relación con la frecuencia del canto.

Distribuição de colmo na estrutura vertical de pastos de capim Aruana e azevém anual submetidos a pastejo intermitente por ovinos / Distribution of stem in the vertical structure of Aruana guineagrass and Annual ryegrass pastures subjected to rotational grazing by sheep

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a participação relativa de colmo na estrutura vertical de pastos de capim Aruana e azevém anual submetidos a estratégias de pastejo intermitente por ovinos. Os tratamentos para o capim Aruana corresponderam a pastejos realizados quando os pastos atingiam 95 e 98% de interceptação da luz incidente (IL) até as alturas pós-pastejo de 10 e 15cm. Para o azevém anual, os tratamentos corresponderam a pastejos realizados quando os pastos atingiam 15 e 25cm de altura pré-pastejo até as alturas pós-pastejo de 4 e 8cm. O delineamento experimental utilizado para as duas espécies foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, com três repetições. Para quantificação da massa de colmo na estrutura vertical dos pastos, foram realizadas duas amostragens no pré-pastejo por unidade experimental (piquetes de 196m²) utilizando-se um quadrado de 25cm x 25cm de lado, em cada ciclo de pastejo. As amostras foram coletadas de forma estratificada a cada 5cm até o nível do solo. Após o corte estratificado, o material foi separado em colmo, folhas e material morto. Independente da espécie vegetal ou da altura de entrada, aproximadamente 90% de todo o colmo dos pastos encontra-se presente até 50% da altura do pasto, indicando que possíveis reduções em consumo a partir desse momento no rebaixamento podem ser atribuídas a dificuldades em manipulação e apreensão da forragem.

The aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of stem in the vertical structure of Aruana guineagrass and annual ryegrass pastures submitted to strategies of rotational grazing by sheep. Treatments for Aruana guineagrass corresponded to grazing when the swards intercepted 95 and 98% of the incident light (LI) until the post-grazing heights of 10 and 15cm. For annual ryegrass, treatments corresponded to grazing when the swards reached 15 and 25cm (pre-grazing heights) until the post-grazing of 4 and 8cm. The experimental design for two species was a completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme, with three replications. To quantify the stem mass present at each 5cm in the vertical structure of the pastures two samples were taken per experimental unit (paddocks of 196m²) using a square of 25cmx25cm. Cut samples was separated in leaves, stem and dead material. Regardless of plant species or pre-grazing height, approximately 90% of the stem is present up to 50% of sward height, suggesting that reported intake reduction beyond this point can be attributed to difficulties in forage manipulation and apprehension.

Phytoplankton abundance, dominance and coexistence in an eutrophic reservoir in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil

The present study reports the phytoplankton abundance, dominance and co-existence relationships in the eutrophic Carpina reservoir, Pernambuco, Brazil. Sampling was carried out at six different depths bimonthly at a single reservoir spanning two climatic periods: dry season (January, September, and November 2006) and rainy season (March, May, and July 2006). Density, abundance, dominance, specific diversity and equitability of the community were determined, along with chlorophyll a, and physical and chemical variables of the environment. Eight species were considered abundant, and their densities corresponded to more than 90 percent of the total phytoplankton community quantified. Cyanobacteria represented more than 80 percent of this density. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was the only dominant taxon in the dry season, and was co-dominant in the rainy season. C. raciborskii, Planktothrix agardhii and Geitlerinema amphibium had the greatest densities and lowest vertical variation coefficients. The statistical analysis indicated relationships with vertical and seasonal variations in the phytoplankton community and the following variables: total dissolved solids, water temperature, electrical conductivity and pH. The changes in the environmental variables were discrete and regulated by the establishment of precipitation however, they were able to promote vertical and seasonal instability in the structure of the phytoplankton community.

O presente estudo remete às relações de abundância, dominância e co-existência fitoplanctônica no reservatório eutrófico de Carpina, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram realizadas amostragens bimensalmente, em seis profundidades, em um único ponto do reservatório, contemplando dois períodos sazonais: seco (janeiro, setembro e novembro/2006) e chuvoso (março, maio e julho/2006). A densidade, abundância, dominância, diversidade específica e equitabilidade foram determinadas, além da clorofila a e algumas variáveis físicas e químicas do ambiente. Oito táxons foram considerados abundantes e suas densidades corresponderam a mais de 90 por cento do fitoplâncton total quantificado. As cianobactérias representaram mais de 80 por cento desta densidade. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii foi o único táxon dominante durante o período seco e co-dominante no chuvoso. C. raciborskii, Planktothrix agardhii e Geitlerinema amphibium destacaram-se com as maiores densidades e os menores coeficientes de variação vertical. As análises estatísticas indicaram relação entre as alterações verticais e sazonais da comunidade fitoplanctônica e seguintes variáveis: sólidos totais dissolvidos, temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica e pH. As alterações observadas para as variáveis ambientais foram discretas e reguladas pelo estabelecimento das precipitações, no entanto foram capazes de promover instabilidade vertical e sazonal na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica.

Fine root biomass and root length density in a lowland and a montane tropical rain forest, SP, Brazil / Biomassa de raízes finas e densidade do comprimento radicular em uma floresta tropical chuvosa de terras baixas e montana, SP, Brasil

Fine roots, <2 mm in diameter, are responsible for water and nutrient uptake and therefore have a central role in carbon, nutrient and water cycling at the plant and ecosystem level. The root length density (RLD), fine root biomass (FRB) and vertical fine root distribution (VRD) in the soil profile have been used as good descriptors of resource-use efficiency and carbon storage in the soil. Along altitudinal gradients, decreases in temperature and radiation inputs (depending on the frequency of fog events) may reduce decomposition rates and nutrient availability what might stimulate plants to invest in fine roots, increasing acquisition of resources. We evaluated the seasonal variation of fine root parameters in a Lowland and Montane forest at the Atlantic Rain Forest. We hypothesized that, due to lower decomposition rates at the Montane site, the FRB and RLD at soil surface will be higher in this altitude, which can maximize the efficiency of resource absorption. FRB and RLD were higher in the Montane forest in both seasons, especially at the 0-5 layer. At the 0-5 soil layer in both sites, RLD increased from dry to wet season independently of variations in FRB. Total FRB in the top 30 cm of the soil at the Lowland site was significantly lower (334 g.m-2 in the dry season and 219 g.m-2 in the wet season) than at the Montane forest (875 and 451 g.m-2 in the dry and wet season, respectively). In conclusion, despite the relevance of FRB to describe processes related to carbon dynamics, the variation of RLD between seasons, independently of variations in FRB, indicates that RLD is a better descriptor for studies characterizing the potential of water and nutrient uptake at the Atlantic Rain Forest. The differences in RLD between altitudes within the context of resource use should be considered in studies about plant establishment, seedling growth and population dynamics at the Atlantic Rain Forest. At the ecosystem level, RLD and it seasonal variations may improve our understanding of the Atlantic rain forest functioning in terms of the biogeochemical fluxes in a possible scenario of climate change and environmental changes.

Raízes finas, <2 mm de diâmetro, são as principais responsáveis pela absorção de água e nutrientes e, portanto, têm um papel central nos ciclos carbono, água e nutrientes, desde o nível da planta até o ecossistêmico. A densidade do comprimento radicular (DCR), a biomassa de raízes finas (BRF) e a distribuição vertical de raízes finas (DVR) no perfil do solo têm sido utilizados como bons descritores da eficiência no uso de recursos e de estocagem de carbono no solo. Ao longo de gradientes altitudinais, a diminuição da temperatura e da radiação solar (dependendo da frequência de eventos de neblina) podem reduzir as taxas de decomposição e disponibilidade de nutrientes, o que poderia estimular o aumento do investimento das raízes finas para maximizar a absorção de água e nutrientes. O presente estudo avaliou a variação sazonal de parâmetros radiculares nas florestas ombrófilas densas de Terras Baixas (FODTB) e Montana (FODM) na Mata Atlântica. A hipótese foi a de que o investimento em BRF e DCR seria maior na FODM, o que poderia maximizar a eficiência na absorção de recursos. A BRF e a DCR foram maiores na FODM em ambas as estações, especialmente na profundidade de 0-5 cm. A BRF total nos primeiros 30 cm de solo na FODTB foi significativamente menor (334 g.m-2 na estação seca e 219 g.m-2 na chuvosa) do que na FODM (875 e 451 g.m-2 nas estações seca e chuvosa, respectivamente). Na profundidade de 0-5 cm em ambas as altitudes, a DCR aumentou da estação seca para chuvosa independentemente de variações na BRF. Apesar da relevância da BRF para descrever processos relacionados à dinâmica de carbono, a variação da DCR entre estações, independente de variações na BRF, indica que a DCR é um melhor descritor para estudos caracterizando o potencial de absorção de água e nutrientes na Floresta Atlântica. As diferenças da DCR entre altitudes dentro do contexto de uso de recursos devem ser consideradas em estudos sobre estabelecimento, crescimento de plântulas e dinâmica de populações na Floresta Atlântica. No nível ecossistêmico, as variações sazonais da DCR podem aumentar nosso entendimento sobre o funcionamento da Floresta Atlântica em termos de fluxos biogeoquímicos em um possível cenário de mudanças climáticas e ambientais.

Biomass and abundance of termites in three remnant areas of Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil / Biomassa e abundância de térmitas em três remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste brasileiro

Termite biomass and abundance were estimated in three remnant areas of Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil: Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada-RBPT (Alagoas State), Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos-PEDI (Pernambuco State), and Área de Proteção Ambiental Mata do Buraquinho-APMB (Paraíba State). A quantitative sampling of the termite assemblages present on trunks and leaf litter, in nests, and in the soil was undertaken during the months of June and July (rainy season) and November and December (dry season) of 2000. Thirty seven species of termites were encountered and quantified in the three remnant forest areas. The termite biomass varied from 10.09 to 11.30 g (fresh weight)/m² and abundance varied from 4911 to 5663 individuals/m². The subfamily Nasutitermitinae was dominant in terms of the number of species, biomass, and abundance. The soil-feeders were the most abundant at the three sites, while wood-feeders had the largest biomass at least at the PEDI and APMB sites. Among the microhabitats quantified, termites were most frequently encountered in the soil, being most heavily concentrated at depths of 0-20 cm. Two species stood out in terms of their biomass and abundance: Embiratermes parvirostris Constantino, on the soil, and Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky), on decomposing trunks and in nests. Estimates of biomass and abundance suggest that termites play an important role in the decomposition of the plant necromass in remnant forest areas of the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil.

A biomassa e a abundância de térmitas foram estimadas em três remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste brasileiro: Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada-RBPT (Estado de Alagoas), Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos-PEDI (Estado de Pernambuco) e Área de Proteção Ambiental Mata do Buraquinho-APMB (Estado da Paraíba). Amostragens quantitativas da assembléia de térmitas foram realizadas em troncos, folhiço, ninhos e solo nos meses de junho e julho (estação chuvosa) e novembro e dezembro (estação seca) de 2000. Trinta e sete espécies de térmitas foram encontradas e quantificadas nos três remanescentes. A biomassa variou de 10,09 a 11,30 g (peso fresco)/m² e a abundância variou de 4911 a 5663 indivíduos/m². A subfamília Nasutitermitinae foi a dominante em número de espécies, biomassa e abundância. O grupo dos consumidores de húmus foi o mais abundante nos três sítios, enquanto os consumidores de madeira apresentaram a maior biomassa pelo menos na PEDI e na APMB. Entre os microhabitats quantificados, os térmitas foram encontrados principalmente no solo, estando fortemente concentrados entre 0 e 20 cm de profundidade. Duas espécies destacaram-se tanto pela biomassa como pela abundância: Embiratermes parvirostris Constantino, no solo, e Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky), nos troncos em decomposição e em ninhos. As estimativas de biomassa e de abundância sugerem que os térmitas desempenham um importante papel como mediadores do processo de decomposição da necromassa vegetal nos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste Brasileiro.

Vertical distribution of polychaetes in brackishwater pond of Nethravathi estuary, India.

Vertical distribution of polychaetes in a semi-enclosed brackishwater pond of Nethravathi estuary was studied for one year from February 2004 to January 2005. The semienclosed brackishwater pond is a shallow water body with an average depth of 1-1.5 m with an area of 12 ha having direct connection with the estuary, which opens into the Arabian sea. A total of nine species of polychaetes were identified. Among these, Dendronereis aestuarina and D. arborifera were most common and accounted for 65.62 % of total abundance. The fauna were more abundant at 5 - 10 cm depth than at 0-5 cm depth and decreased beyond 10 cm depth. Species composition and the abundance of polychaetes were generally high during postmonsoon followed by premonsoon and monsoon season. Polychaete abundance showed positive significant correlation with organic carbon content at all depth layers of sediments in all the stations.

Driving forces of the diel distribution of phytoplankton functional groups in a shallow tropical lake (Lake Monte Alegre, Southeast Brazil) / Fatores direcionadores da distribuição nictemeral de grupos funcionais fitoplanctônicos de um lago brasileiro raso e tropical

Phytoplankton vertical and diel dynamics in a small shallow lake (Lake Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo) were investigated in two climatological periods: July 2001 (cool-dry season) and March 2002 (warm-rainy season). Monte Alegre is a eutrophic reservoir, with a warm polymictic discontinuous circulation pattern. The lake was thermally stratified in both periods, although dissolved oxygen varied less in the cool-dry period. Phytoplankton biomass was higher in the warm-rainy season and the vertical distribution was stratified in both seasons. Flagellate groups (Lm, Y, W1 and W2) and functional groups typical of shallow eutrophic environments (J, X1 and Sn) were important throughout the study period. The lake's thermal pattern strongly influenced the vertical distribution of the phytoplankton community in both periods. Biomass, functional groups and size classes of phytoplankton also were determined by the presence of more efficient herbivores in the lake, especially during the cool-dry period when phytoplankton biomass decreased.

As dinâmicas vertical e nictemeral do fitoplâncton de um lago pequeno e raso (Lago Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP) foram investigadas em dois períodos climatológicos: julho/2001 (estação fria-seca) e março/2002 (estação quente-chuvosa). O lago esteve estratificado termicamente nos dois períodos de estudo, porém menores variações do oxigênio dissolvido foram observadas no período frio-seco. Maiores biomassas fitoplanctônicas foram registradas na estação quente-chuvosa e a distribuição vertical esteve estratificada nos dois períodos climatológicos. Grupos de flagelados (Lm, Y, W1 e W2), juntamente com grupos funcionais típicos de ambientes rasos e eutróficos (J, X1 e Sn), foram importantes em todo o estudo. O padrão térmico do lago teve influência na distribuição vertical da comunidade fitoplanctônica nos períodos estudados. Biomassa, grupos funcionais e classes de tamanho do fitoplâncton também foram influenciados pela presença de herbívoros mais eficientes, principalmente durante o período frio-seco, quando ocorreram menores biomassas do fitoplâncton.

Estratificación vertical y preferencia de hospedero de las epífitas vasculares de un bosque nublado de Chiapas, México

Vertical stratification and host preference by vascular epiphytes in a Chiapas, Mexico, cloud forest. The high diversity of vascular epiphytes in neotropical montane forest has been explained as the result of vertical stratification of the forest and specific relationships between epiphytes and their hosts trees at local scales. In a lower montane cloud forest, we studied the vertical stratification and host preferences of vascular epiphytes in a 0.0625 ha plot where 41 trees ≥ of 10 cm DBH were sampled during 12 months in 2001 and 2002. We found 43 epiphyte species growing on 15 tree genera. We tested for vertical strata and host preferences using 19 epiphyte taxa. We found strong evidence that epiphytes divided the canopy, but those epiphyte species dispersed by animals were generalists with respect to hosts and vertical strata. Wind dispersed epiphytes were vertically stratified, with a higher richness in the lowest tree strata. On average the epiphytes preferred 3.5 host species, suggesting low host preference. Two host species, Ardisia and Quercus, were avoided by the majority of the epiphyte species. Our results show that epiphytes divided the canopy horizontally and were stratified vertically, suggesting that host identity could be important determining the abundance of colonizing sites for epiphytes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2069-2086. Epub 2008 December 12.

En escala local, la alta diversidad de epífitas vasculares en bosques montanos neotropicales ha sido explicada por que logran estratificar verticalmente al dosel y tienen relaciones específicas con sus hospederos. En un bosque de montaña estudiamos la estratificación vertical y las preferencias de hospedero de las epífitas vasculares en un cuadrante de 0.0625 ha en donde muestreamos 41 árboles ≥10 DAP, durante 12 meses en los años 2001 y 2002. Encontramos 43 especies de epífitas en 15 géneros de árboles. Probamos preferencia de estratos verticales o de hospedero con 19 táxones epífitos. Encontramos evidencia de que las epífitas se dividen el dosel; aunque, las epífitas dispersadas por animales tendieron a ser generalistas. Entre las epífitas dispersadas por el viento reconocimos una clara estratificación vertical, concentrando especies en la parte baja de los árboles. En promedio las especies de epífitas prefirieron 3.5 especies de hospederos, sugiriendo una baja preferencia. Dos especies de árboles resultaron ser malos hospederos, Ardisia y Quercus. Nuestros resultados muestran que las epífitas parten el dosel horizontalmente, se estratifican verticalmente y sugieren que la identidad de los hospederos es importante por que puede determinar la abundancia de sitios colonizables para muchas epífitas.

Spatial and temporal variations of meiofaunal communities from the western sector of the Gulf of Batabanó, Cuba: III. Vertical distribution

The vertical distribution of meiofauna within subtidal sediments was studied in four stations pertaining to mangrove or muddy flats habitats. In 2003, replicated samples were taken in dry (February) and wet (July) seasons at the Bacunagua Inlet, southwestern coast of Cuba. The abundance and number of meiofaunal taxa exhibited a vertical gradient possibly due to changes in the concentrations of oxygen and hydrogen sulphide, rather than food availability along this gradient. Nematodes are capable of distributing themselves throughout the whole sediment column due to their ability to tolerate reducing conditions; however depletion of communities along depth was evident. Their presence in deeper sediments (6 - 10 cm) suggests that certain species are adequately adapted to spend their entire life cycle in these harsh environments (where soluble tannins and decomposing organic matter predominate). Copepods showed a strong limitation to vertical distribution (concentrating in the top 2 cm), possibly in response to a sharp vertical decline in oxygenation within these organically enriched sediments. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1127-1134. Epub 2008 September 30.

Se estudió la distribución vertical de la meiofauna dentro de los sedimentos en cuatro estaciones ubicadas en manglares y planos fangosos. En el año 2003, tomamos muestras (con repetición) en época de seca (febrero) y de lluvia (julio) en la ensenada de Bacunagua, costa suroccidental de Cuba. La abundancia y el número de táxones de la meiofauna mostraron un gradiente vertical debido posiblemente a cambios en las concentraciones de oxígeno y sulfuro de hidrógeno, más que a la disponibilidad de alimento a lo largo del gradiente. Los nemátodos son capaces de distribuirse a través de la columna de sedimento debido a su habilidad para tolerar condiciones reducidas; sin embargo, fue evidente la reducción de las comunidades con la profundidad. Su presencia en los sedimentos profundos (6-10 cm) sugiere que ciertas especies están adecuadamente adaptadas a permanecer todo su ciclo de vida en un ambiente adverso (donde predominan los taninos solubles y la descomposición de la materia orgánica). Los copépodos mostraron una fuerte limitación en su distribución vertical (concentrándose en los 2 cm superficiales) posiblemente como respuesta a un gradiente marcado en la oxigenación dentro de estos sedimentos enriquecidos orgánicamente.

Densidade e distribuição vertical de Macroinvertebrados em solos argilosos e arenosos na Amazônia Central

The density and vertical distribution of the soil macrofauna were studied in the Manaus region, Amazonas State, Brazil, in the wet and dry seasons, under three vegetation covers, in sandy and clay soils, during two years. The macroinvertebrates were hand sorted from soil cores of 20 x 20 x 30 cm (= 12 liters), divided in subsamples 5 cm thick. The method showed to be of low efficiency, mainly for collecting animals less than 2 mm length, difficult see with the naked eye. There were more animals in the sandy than in the clay soil. The most abundant groups were termites, ants and earthworms. Comparison between wet and dry seasons data showed that on the superficial strata (0-15 cm), more animals were found during the wet than in the dry season, and deeper in the soil (15-30 cm), they were more abundant during the dry season. This was interpreted as evidence of vertical migration of the soil macrofauna to the surface in the wet season and to the mineral soil in the dry season.

A densidade e a distribuição vertical da macrofauna do solo foram estudadas nas estações chuvosa e seca na região de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil, sob três tipos de cobertura vegetal, em áreas de solo arenoso e de solo argiloso, durante dois anos. Os animais foram coletados manualmente de amostras de solo de 20 x 20 x 30 cm (= 12 litros), divididas em subamostras de 5 cm de espessura. O método mostrou-se pouco eficiente, principalmente para coleta de animais menores que 2 mm, por serem pouco visíveis a olho nu. Encontrou-se maior número de animais no solo arenoso que no solo argiloso. Os grupos mais bem representados foram cupins, formigas e minhocas. Fez-se comparação entre o número de indivíduos coletados na estação chuvosa e na estação seca, tendo sido encontrado mais macroinvertebrados nos estratos superiores (0-15 cm) na estação chuvosa que na estação seca, e em profundidades maiores (15-30 cm), eles foram mais abundantes na estação seca, principalmente cupins. Isto foi interpretado como evidência de migração vertical da macrofauna para os estratos superiores do solo na estação chuvosa e para o solo mineral na estação seca.

Estratificação e densidade de invertebrados em solo arenoso sob floresta primária e plantios arbóreos na amazônia central durante a estação seca

Density and vertical distribution of soil invertebrates were studied during September of 1990 and 1991 in three plots, namely one forest plot and two arboreal plantations (Dipteryx odorata =cumaru Leguminosae> and Simaruba amara =marupá Simarubaceae>) near Manaus (Brazil). Nineteen main fauna groups were found, and most of them had similar densities in the three plots. The most representative groups were Isoptera (40.1 %), Formicidae (25.2%), Araneae (6.7%), all together representing 62.4% of all soil fauna in the cumaru plot, 57.0% in marupa and 84.1 % in the forest plot. Density of soil fauna decreased from the top soil to 20 cm depth (excluding termites), with a subsequent increase until 30 cm depth. 45% of all fauna occurred in the top 0-5 cm, followed by 9.5% (5-10 cm), 9.1 % ( 10-15 cm), 2.7% (15-20 cm), 20.7% (20-25 cm) and 12.3% (25-30 cm). Isoptera, Diptera and other invertebrates did not present correlation with the pH and the humidity of the soil.

Densidade e distribuição vertical de invertebrados foram estudados durante o mês de setembro de 1990 e 1991, em solo de três tipos de cobertura vegetal: floresta primária, plantios de Dipteryx odorata(Leguminosae = cumaru) e Simaruba amara(Simarubaceae = marupá), nos arredores de Manaus, Brasil. Foram encontrados 19 grupos principais da fauna. A maioria desses grupos foram similares para os três tipos de cobertura, sendo Isoptera (40,1%), Formicidae (25,2%), Araneae (6,7%) os grupos mais abundantes que, juntos, representaram 62,4% da fauna de cumaru, 57,0% da fauna de marupá e 84,1% da fauna de floresta. Houve uma diminuição da densidade para todos os grupos (excluídos os cupins) até a profundidade de 20 cm, com subseqüente aumento até 30 cm de profundidade, principalmente pela presença de Isoptera. Cerca de 45% de toda a fauna ocorreu no estrato de 0-5 cm de profundidade, seguido de 9,5% (5-10 cm), 9,1% (10-15 cm), 2,7% (15-20 cm), 20,7% (20-25 cm) e 12,3% (25-30 cm) nos estratos subseqüentes. Isoptera, Diptera e outros invertebrados não apresentaram correlação com a umidade e o pH do solo.